Introduction: Anxiety disorders involve altered brain circuit dynamics, but the neural mechanisms underlying olfactory-prefrontal interactions during anxiety remain unclear. Beta oscillations are implicated in long-range neural communication and emotional processing, but their specific role in anxiety remains underexplored. Methods: I recorded simultaneous local field potentials (LFPs) from the olfactory bulb (OB) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) in male Wistar rats during anxiety-provoking behavioral tests, including the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and Open Field (OF). Functional connectivity was assessed through beta-band (13–30 Hz) synchronization using cross-correlation and power correlation analyses. Results: Behavioral tests revealed a significant increase in beta-frequency synchronization between OB and PFC during anxiogenic conditions compared to resting states. Notably, enhanced functional coupling was observed specifically in anxiogenic zones—the open arms of the EPM and the center area of the OF. These effects suggest an intensity-dependent increase in OB-PFC interaction associated with anxiety states. Conclusion: My findings identify beta-band OB-PFC synchronization as a novel electrophysiological marker of anxiety, providing insight into sensory-executive integration during threat processing. This enhanced connectivity may contribute to the neural circuitry underlying anxiety and represents a potential target for therapeutic intervention.

Intra-abdominal adhesions are the most common cause of small bowel obstruction. Infertility in women and chronic abdominal-pelvic pain are the other problems of adhesiogenesis which impose a great economic burden on the population health. On the other hand, increased levels of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-b) are shown to play a role in formation of adhesion bands and can impair peritoneal fibrinolysis. Moreover, simvastatin, an immunomodulator agent, can down-regulate TGF-b. Although it is shown in previous studies that simvastatin antagonizes the interaction between TGF-b and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), no human study exists on the effect of simvastatin on surgical adhesion band formation. We hypothesize that simvastatin, through its effect on reducing the level of TGF-b, may be useful in preventing adhesion band formation after surgical procedures. Surely, this hypothesis should be assessed in several experimental and clinical trials.

2Introduction: Aging is a process in which physiological and psychological changes, especially cognitive changes, are observed. The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of neuro-feedback on the alpha frequency band and beta frequency band at points (F3, F4) in the elderly with mild cognitive impairment. Methods: For this purpose, in this semi-experimental research, 30 people as an available sample from the statistical population of elderly people with mild cognitive impairment in 1400 of Tabriz city were included in the research and were placed in two control and experimental groups, the treatment plan for the experimental group included There were 15 sessions of 20 minutes of neuro-feedback and then the collected data of the experimental group and the control group from F3 and F4 areas and alpha and beta values were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA). Results: The research findings showed that neuro-feedback has a positive effect on alpha and beta frequency bands with symptoms of mild cognitive impairment (p<0.005). Considering the square of eta, it can be said that 50% of the changes caused by neuro-feedback in the alpha band were 40% of the changes caused by neuro-feedback in the beta band. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that neuro-feedback leads to changes in alpha and beta brain waves in the elderly. Neuro-feedback can be used as a new treatment method to help brain wave changes in the elderly with mild cognitive impairment.

Objectives: The current study aimed to compare between the chronic non-specific low back pain (CNSLBP) and healthy subjects during four phases of the trunk flexion-extension task (standing, flexion, relaxation, and extension phases) by using pool coherence as well as pairwise coherence of Beta band Intermuscular coherence (Bb-IMC) and flexion relaxation phenomena. Methods: Twenty-four men with CNSLBP and 20 healthy men voluntarily participated in this study. All subjects performed three tests of Flexion-extension task (F-ET) while the surface electromyography (sEMGs) were recorded from the right erector spinal muscle of the lumbar region "1", left erector spinal muscle of the lumbar region "2", right gluteus maximus muscle"3", left gluteus maximus muscle"4", right hamstring muscle"5" and left hamstring muscle"6". Accordingly, group A contains muscles 1, 4, and 6 and group B consists of muscles 2, 3, and 5. The pool coherence (PC) and the pairwise coherence (PWC) for all the above-mentioned muscles were calculated using Beta-band intermuscular coherence analysis. Thereafter, the mean pool coherence (mPC) was considered for group A and group B for four phases of F-ET in three groups as following: CNSLBP patients group, healthy subjects group and the third group included all subjects that participated in this study, whether patients or healthy and it was called the general group. Moreover, the mean pairwise coherence (mPWC) among each pair of group A and B muscles was calculated for four phases of F-ET using Bb-IMC in CNSLBP patients and healthy subjects. Results: These results indicated a high value of A mPC in the general group and healthy subjects in the fl exion phase, whereas the same A mPC in CNSLBP patients was high in all phases of F-ET. On the other hand, while B mPC was high in the general group and healthy subjects in the extension phase; it was high in all phases of F-ET in CNSLBP patients; B mPC in CNSLBP patients was high in extension, standing, and fl exion phases. A mPWC and B mPWC were not signifi cantly different between CNSLBP patients and healthy subjects in all phases of F-ET. However, only A mPWC "1-4" and the A mPWC "4-6" were signifi cantly smaller in CNSLBP patients compared to the healthy subjects in the relaxation and fl exion phases, respectively. Hence, we suggest pool coherence of Bb-IMC, not pairwise coherence of Bb-IMC, to compare CNSLBP patients and healthy subjects. Conclusions: According to the present fi ndings, we suggest using the pool coherence of Bb-IMC in the clinical examination for CNSLBP patients and studying the probable cortical effects and the effectiveness of various treatments on corticospinal tract function in CNSLBP.

A field experiment was conducted to investigate different weed management methods for reduce herbicide use in sugar beet at Arak Agriculture & Natural Research Center in 2005.Trial was designed in split-plot and consisted of 18 treatments with four replication. Each plot contains four 50 cm. rows. distance in inter row and 25cm. between plants on row. Main factor was inter row (with & without) cultivation. Sub factors were herbicide dosages in two application methods (band & spread application). Herbicides were Desmedipham (Betanal A. M.) plus Chloridazon (pyramin) that used as tank mix application. Inter row cultivation done with tender wheal tractor and spraying by stable pressure charging sprayer with drop raining nozzle. The result showed no significance difference between main plots in crop characteristics evaluated. Highest root yield, plant total weight and more reduce weed biomass and control was obtained with 100 and 75 percent of the recommended dosages of the herbicide in spread application and 75 percent recommended dosages in band application. Therefore, in order to decreasing herbicide use toward environmental safety aspects and increasing economical profit for farmers, it is recommended to use 75 percent herbicide dosage in spread and band application in integrated with cultivation instead of complete dose alone in sugar beet.

To evaluate the production of beta-carotene, traits and patterns of protein band in D. salina microalgae in the presence of colchicine, after microalgae cultivation, colchicine treatments randomized design concentrations of 0, 0.05 and 0.1 and 0.2% Volumetric weight was applied. Changes in growth and beta-carotene, chlorophyll A, B and total and carotenoids produced by spectrophotometer measurements, as well as electrophoresis on SDS-PAGE analysis was used to investigate the protein patterns. The results showed that concentrations of colchinicine did not result in significant differences in protein pattern in 11 samples and it just affacted the production of certain proteins.. While this treatment causes a difference in beta-carotene, chlorophyll A, B, total carotenoids and growth. Beta-carotene is the most important metabolites increased in all concentrations of colchicine. Treatment increased the carotenoids, chlorophyll A, B, and total while reduced growth. So the treatment of colchicine reduced the growth and increase the production of beta-carotene, chlorophyll A, B, total and carotenoids is in Dunaliella. While no significant effect on the pattern of protein expression. Therefore , it can be concluded that using treatment of colchicine will be useful in beta-carotene productions.

Background: Amniotic band Band syndrome Syndrome (ABS) is a rare congenital anomaly which may affecting any region of the fetus. Here, we reported a case of ABS involving the upper limbs resulted in amputation, syndactyly, and lymphedema of several fingers. One of the the amputated finger was reimplanted on to the upper back of the fetus between two scapular bone. The finger-like mass had no osseous tissue.